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Updated April 1, 2017

Module 2: Child Growth and Development

Brain Development Basics

Page 18
Recent research shows that the earliest years are most critical for brain development and future learning.  

Some of the most important findings are that the infant brain:
  • Develops through a combination of nature and nurture.
  • Begins development in the prenatal stage.
  • Contains over 100 billion brain cells (neurons) at birth.
  • Grows to fit its’ environment by connections (or synapses) made between neurons.
  • Uses synapses to send brain impulses, controlling the body, mind, feelings, memory and language.
  • Is wired on a “use it or lose it” system.  Synapses are created and strengthened with use, and wither away if unused.  
  • Is dependent on the quality of the relationship between the infant and primary caregiver. (National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, 2010b) 
Research has found that the architecture and functioning of the infant brain is determined by the quality of the first relationships – the attachment between a baby and his/her primary caregiver.  This relationship “sculpts” the brain for future learning, behavior, relationships, feelings and health. Studies show that for optimal development, the infant brain needs a secure attachment with at least one primary caregiver who provides responsive, reliable and affectionate care. 
The main ingredient needed is the “serve and return” relationship between children and primary caregivers. This reciprocal back-and-forth interaction happens when children reach out to adults, and adults respond in kind. 

Research has found that a close relationship with an adult who provides consistent, responsive care can strengthen attachment.  Babies learn trust when cared for by adults who know them and respond to their cues.  Like dance partners, babies and caregivers learn each other’s moves and signals.  Infants can become frustrated or even stop trying to connect with adults in a setting in which caregivers change constantly.  This is why the high rate of turnover in infant and toddler childcare is especially concerning.

You Cannot Spoil a Baby!

Responding to infants’ cues quickly and reliably not only promotes security and enhances brain development, but research has shown it also makes babies cry less.